Techniques for credential generation

ABSTRACT

A plurality of virtual computing resources is detected to have been provisioned. Credentials are distributed to the plurality of virtual computing resources. A credentials map that maps the credentials to the plurality of virtual computing resources is updated. The credentials for the plurality of virtual computing resources are activated to enable the plurality of virtual computing resources to use the credentials to authenticate to a second computer system that manages a resource service, with the credentials being inaccessible to resources of the resource service. A virtual computing resource of the plurality of virtual computing resources is detected to been deprovisioned, and the credentials for the virtual computing resource are deactivated.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/204,124, filed on Mar. 11, 2014, entitled “TECHNIQUES FOR MANAGINGCREDENTIALS IN A DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT,” which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/981,231, filed onDec. 29, 2010, entitled “TECHNIQUES FOR CREDENTIAL GENERATION,” thecontent of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Modern computing networks provide access to a wide variety of computingresources such as data archives, search engines, data processing, datamanagement, communications, electronic marketplaces, as well as mediaand entertainment services. As the number and size of such computingresources, and their user communities, have grown and become moresophisticated, a need has arisen to establish increasingly sophisticatedusage policies. For example, such policies may include policies thataddress security, privacy, access, regulatory, and cost concerns.

Often, policy enforcement in connection with computing resourcesinvolves devices of the computing resources authenticating themselves toaccess other computing resources. A device may provide credentials toanother device that are verified to determine actions that may be takenby the device according to any policies applicable to the device.However, modern computer networks often involve the control andadministration of multiple devices, including multiple virtual devices.In addition, devices in computing networks are often subject to variousattempts at unauthorized access. If an attempt at unauthorized access issuccessful, a possibility may exist that credentials used by acompromised device could be used for additional unauthorized access,which potentially could have harmful effects. As a result of thecomplexities of modern computing networks and the risks to which devicesin the networks are subjected, effective management of credentials canbe a difficult endeavor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure will bedescribed with reference to the drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example environment forimplementing aspects in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram depicting aspects of an example virtualcomputing resources architecture in accordance with at least oneembodiment;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram depicting aspects of an example virtualresource provider control plane in accordance with at least oneembodiment;

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram depicting aspects of an example normalform policy in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram depicting aspects of an example virtualresource provider in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram depicting aspects of an example policymanagement service in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram depicting aspects of an exampleverification mode service in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram depicting aspects of an example virtualresource service in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram depicting aspects of an example resourceinterface in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram depicting aspects of an example policyenforcement component in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 11 is a flowchart depicting example steps for workflow managementin accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 12 is a flowchart depicting example steps for credential managementin accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 13 is a flowchart depicting example steps for generatingcredentials, which may be used in connection with the processillustrated in FIG. 12, in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 14 is a flowchart depicting example steps for using credentials inaccordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 15 is a flowchart depicting example steps for managing credentialstates in accordance with at least one embodiment; and

FIG. 16 is a flowchart depicting example steps for taking remedialaction in connection with a security breach in accordance with at leastone embodiment.

Same numbers are used throughout the disclosure and FIGS. to referencelike components and features, but such repetition of numbers is forpurposes of simplicity of explanation and understanding, and should notbe viewed as a limitation on the various embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, various embodiments will be described. Forpurposes of explanation, specific configurations and details are setforth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments.However, it will also be apparent to one skilled in the art that theembodiments may be practiced without the specific details. Furthermore,well-known features may be omitted or simplified in order not to obscurethe embodiment being described.

Techniques described and suggested herein include systems and methodsfor managing credentials. The credentials may be used to allow computingresources requesting access to other computing resources of a computingnetwork to access such resources. In particular, the credentials may beused as information useful in verifying that a computing resourcerequesting access to another computing resource is allowed the requestedaccess. As an example, one or more virtual machine instances may providecredentials to access another computing resource, such as a data storagecomputing resource and/or to control, manage, and/or otherwise operateother virtual machine instances. Credentials may be provided inconnection with every request to access computing resources or in otherways, such as to establish a connection with a resource to allow accessfor a period of time. In an embodiment, various resources are accessiblethrough application programming interfaces (APIs) and credentials may beused by one or more virtual machine instances in connection with makingthe API calls to access other computing resources. One or more policiesmay specify actions, such as particular API calls, which are permittedor forbidden. One or more policies may condition one or more actions onpossession of particular credentials.

In an embodiment, credentials are generated and distributed to computingresources of a security domain. The security domain may include acollection of computing resources that are collectively administrated,configured, managed, and/or operated. The security domain may include,for example, computing resources of a remote computing services providerthat are operated on behalf of and that are managed by a customer whoremotely provides instructions for the resources' configuration andoperation. Thus, in this example, the credentials may be generated anddistributed to a plurality of virtual machines operated on behalf of thecustomer. Generally, the credentials may be generated and distributed toany set of collectively managed computing resources. The credentialsthemselves may be any information that may be used to access computingresources. An example of credentials includes a unique identifier stringfor a set of one or more virtual machine instances. Other types ofcredentials may also be used, such as keys for one or more public keycryptography authentication and/or other processes. Credentials may alsoencode metadata about associated computing resources. For instance,using the example of a virtual machine instance, credentials may encodean identifier of an owner of the instance, software installed on theinstance, a machine image used to instantiate the instance, an operatingsystem of the instance, one or more software licenses attached to theinstance's machine image, an Internet protocol (IP) or other identifierof the instance, and/or other information.

In accordance with an embodiment, different credentials are generatedfor each of a plurality of subsets of a set of computing resources. Thesubsets may be defined in various ways and may be defined and/orselected by a user of the computing resources. One or more subsets maybe defined, for example, based at least in part on a class of host usedto instantiate one or more virtual machine instances. As anotherexample, one or more subsets may be defined based at least in part onmembers of the subsets being part of logical groupings and/or clusters,on geographic location, on user-assigned tags, and/or othercharacteristics. Generally, the subsets may be defined in any suitablemanner including, but not limited to, explicit user assignment of thesubsets. In some embodiments, one or more of the subsets may eachconsist of a single virtual machine instance. Generation of thecredentials may be made according to granularity information receivedfrom a user. The granularity information may be determinative of thesubsets, such as by specifying information by which the subsets aredefined. The granularity information may be received in connection witha user request to provision virtual computing resources.

Other information may also be received from a user in addition togranularity information. As an example, information stating and/ordefining one or more policies may be received from a user. The policiesmay be used to determine actions and the conditions under which theactions may be taken. In an embodiment, the policies are used todetermine whether one or more virtual machine instances havingcredentials have privileges to perform one or more actions. In someinstances, possession of particular credentials and/or a class ofcredentials may be part of a set of one or more conditions for policies.In an embodiment, computing resources having credentials distributed inaccordance with the various embodiments described herein submit requeststo perform one or more actions in connection with one or more othercomputing resources.

The various embodiments described and suggested herein provide foreffective management of credentials used by various computing resources.For instance, if a security breach is detected in connection with one ormore virtual computing resources, credentials used by the one or morevirtual computing resources may be invalidated to prevent futuresecurity breaches using the credentials. Therefore, if unauthorizedaccess to a virtual machine instance occurs, credentials used by thevirtual machine instance (and perhaps other virtual machine instances)may be prevented from being used in the future. Credentials shared byone or more virtual computing instances may also be invalidated in otherways, including, but not limited to, according to a schedule forrotating credentials and/or receipt of user-generated instructions forinvalidating credentials. In addition, credentials used by one or morevirtual machine resources may be at least temporarily inactivated inorder to increase security. Inactivation of credentials may be based atleast in part on a change of state of a virtual computing resource. Asan example, if operation of one or more virtual machine instancessharing credentials is suspended, the credentials may be inactivated fora time period corresponding to the suspension of the one or more virtualmachine instances. Other changes of state may also cause inactivation ofcredentials.

As noted above, various embodiments of the present disclosure make useof policies. Policies may be specified with a convenient policyspecification language and/or user interface. However, suchuser-specified policies may be inefficient for the purposes of policyenforcement, particularly as the set of user-specified policies growslarge. In at least one embodiment, user-specified policies may betransformed and/or processed into a normal policy form (“normal form”).The normal form may include a defined set of policy elements, each witha defined set of possible values. For example, the set of policyelements may include an “actions” element corresponding to a set ofactions governed by the policy, a “principals” element corresponding toa set of principals or actors with respect to the set of actions, a“resources” element corresponding to a set of resources or subjects ofthe action, and/or a “conditions” element corresponding to a set ofconditions to be satisfied before the policy is enforced.

The set of normal form policies may be efficiently optimized, forexample, optimized for efficient indexing and/or optimized with respectto set size. Normal form policies may be split and/or joined withrespect to policy elements, and duplicates efficiently removed. Normalform policies may be efficiently indexed with respect to policy elementvalues and/or particular subsets of policy element values. For example,when the set of normal form policies are to be enforced with respect toa variety of computing resources, the set may be indexed by computingresource, computing resource type, computing resource server, andsuitable combinations thereof. Subsets of the set of normal formpolicies may be distributed to multiple policy enforcement componentsbased on the indexing and/or based on a relevance of particular policysubsets to particular policy enforcement components.

A virtual resource provider capable of provisioning a variety of virtualcomputing resources may include a centralized policy management servicethat maintains the set of normalized policies and distributesappropriate subsets to multiple policy enforcement componentsdistributed throughout the virtual resource provider. Alternatively, orin addition, normal form policies may be maintained local to particularpolicy enforcement components and/or associated virtual computingresource implementation services. As a further alternative, policies maybe provided along with action requests. In each case, a policy may becompatible with the normal form, and be associated with and/oraccompanied by cryptographic credentials that authenticate and/orauthorize the policy and/or an associated user. For example, the usermay be authorized to set policies with respect to a particular set ofcomputing resources. Such policies themselves are an example of acomputing resource that may be subject to policy control.

Requests with respect to resources may be submitted to one or morepolicy enforcement components. For example, a request may be submittedto one or more policy enforcement components locally maintaining one ormore policies that are relevant to the request. A distributed policyenforcement system with multiple policy enforcement components may havea “sandbox” mode and/or verification mode for processing requests. Anauthorized user may activate the verification mode with an indicatorincorporated into a service interface, with an explicit verificationmode service interface, and/or with a cryptographic verification modetoken, the acquisition of which is subject to policy control. During theverification mode, requests may be evaluated with respect to policies asusual while requested actions are inhibited.

Such evaluations may depend on a set of decision data including useridentity, a user's group memberships, protocol level details such asnetwork source address of the request and protocol utilized to transmitthe request, geographic regions associated with the request such assource geographic location of the request, regulatory classificationsassociated with the request, date and time. Authorized users maysubstitute pieces of decision data with specified values, for example,to enable an administrator to verify that a particular set of policieswill govern the actions of a particular user or group of users asintended, and/or to diagnose problems. In verification mode, evaluationresults, relevant policies, and decision data utilized during requestevaluation may be collected, filtered, and reported at a variety oflevels of detail. The reported set of relevant policies may includenormal form policies utilized to evaluate a request and/or acorresponding set of user-specified policies. Originating user-specifiedpolicies may be tracked during the policy normalization process toenable reporting of user-specified policies in verification mode. Thereported set of decision data may include decision data not otherwiseaccessible to the report recipient.

Various approaches may be implemented in various environments forvarious applications. For example, FIG. 1 illustrates aspects of anexample environment 100 for implementing aspects in accordance withvarious embodiments. As will be appreciated, although a Web-basedenvironment may be utilized for purposes of explanation, differentenvironments may be utilized, as appropriate, to implement variousembodiments. The environment 100 shown includes both a testing or adevelopment portion (or side) and a production portion. The productionportion includes an electronic client device 102, which may include anyappropriate device operable to send and receive requests, messages, orinformation over an appropriate network 104 and convey information backto a user of the client device 102. Examples of such client devicesinclude personal computers, cell phones, smart phones, handheldmessaging devices, laptop computers, tablet computers, set-top boxes,personal data assistants, electronic book readers, and the like.

The network 104 may include any appropriate network, including anintranet, the Internet, a cellular network, a local area network, a widearea network, a wireless data network, or any other such network orcombination thereof. Components utilized for such a system may depend atleast in part upon the type of network and/or environment selected.Protocols and components for communicating via such a network are wellknown and will not be discussed herein in detail. Communication over thenetwork may be enabled by wired or wireless connections, andcombinations thereof. In this example, the network 104 includes theInternet, as the environment includes a Web server 106 for receivingrequests and serving content in response thereto, although for othernetworks an alternative device serving a similar purpose could beutilized as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.

The illustrative environment 100 includes at least one applicationserver 108 and a data store 110. It should be understood that theremight be several application servers, layers, or other elements,processes, or components, which may be chained or otherwise configured,which may interact to perform tasks such as obtaining data from anappropriate data store. As used herein the term “data store” refers toany device or combination of devices capable of storing, accessing,and/or retrieving data, which may include any combination and number ofdata servers, databases, data storage devices, and data storage media,in any standard, distributed, or clustered environment.

The application server 108 may include any appropriate hardware andsoftware for integrating with the data store as needed to executeaspects of one or more applications for the client device 102, and mayeven handle a majority of the data access and business logic for anapplication. The application server 108 provides access control servicesin cooperation with the data store 110, and is able to generate contentsuch as text, graphics, audio, and/or video to be transferred to theuser, which may be served to the user by the Web server 106 in the formof HTML, XML, or another appropriate structured language in thisexample.

The handling of all requests and responses, as well as the delivery ofcontent between the client device 102 and the application server 108,may be handled by the Web server 106. It should be understood that theWeb and application servers 106, 108 are not required and are merelyexample components, as structured code discussed herein may be executedon any appropriate device or host machine as discussed elsewhere herein.Further, the environment 100 may be architected in such a way that atest automation framework may be provided as a service to which a useror application may subscribe. A test automation framework may beprovided as an implementation of any of the various testing patternsdiscussed herein, although various other implementations may be utilizedas well, as discussed or suggested herein.

The environment 100 may also include a development and/or testing side,which includes a user device 118 allowing a user such as a developer,data administrator, or tester to access the system. The user device 118may be any appropriate device or machine, such as is described abovewith respect to the client device 102. The environment 100 may alsoinclude a development server 120, which functions similar to theapplication server 108 but typically runs code during development andtesting before the code is deployed and executed on the production sideand becomes accessible to outside users, for example. In someembodiments, an application server may function as a development server,and separate production and testing storage may not be utilized.

The data store 110 may include several separate data tables, databases,or other data storage mechanisms and media for storing data relating toa particular aspect. For example, the data store 110 illustratedincludes mechanisms for storing production data 112 and user information116, which may be utilized to serve content for the production side. Thedata store 110 also is shown to include a mechanism for storing testingdata 114, which may be utilized with the user information for thetesting side. It should be understood that there might be many otheraspects that are stored in the data store 110, such as for page imageinformation and access right information, which may be stored in any ofthe above-listed mechanisms as appropriate or in additional mechanismsin the data store 110.

The data store 110 is operable, through logic associated therewith, toreceive instructions from the application server 108 or developmentserver 120, and obtain, update, or otherwise process data in responsethereto. In one example, a user might submit a search request for acertain type of item. In this case, the data store 110 might access theuser information 116 to verify the identity of the user, and may accessthe catalog detail information to obtain information about items of thattype. The information then may be returned to the user, such as in aresults listing on a Web page that the user is able to view via abrowser on the client device 102. Information for a particular item ofinterest may be viewed in a dedicated page or window of the browser.

Each server typically will include an operating system that providesexecutable program instructions for the general administration andoperation of that server, and typically will include a computer-readablemedium storing instructions that, when executed by a processor of theserver, allow the server to perform its intended functions. Suitableimplementations for the operating system and general functionality ofthe servers are known or commercially available, and are readilyimplemented by persons having ordinary skill in the art, particularly inlight of the disclosure herein.

The environment 100 in one embodiment is a distributed computingenvironment utilizing several computer systems and components that areinterconnected via communication links, using one or more computernetworks or direct connections. However, it will be appreciated by thoseof ordinary skill in the art that such a system could operate equallywell in a system having fewer or a greater number of components than areillustrated in FIG. 1. Thus, the depiction of the environment 100 inFIG. 1 should be taken as being illustrative in nature, and not limitingto the scope of the disclosure.

In at least one embodiment, one or more aspects of the environment 100may incorporate and/or be incorporated into a virtual computingresources architecture. FIG. 2 depicts aspects of an example virtualcomputing resources architecture 200 in accordance with at least oneembodiment. The example virtual computing resources architecture 200includes a virtual resource provider 202 enabling various clients204-206 to interact with provisioned computing resources 216 over anetwork 214. The provisioned computing resources 216 may includemultiple types of virtual resources 218-220 such as virtual computingsystems and clusters, virtual file system volumes, virtual privatenetworks, data object stores, notification services, and suitablecombinations thereof. The ellipsis between the types of virtualresources 218 and 220 indicates that the virtual resource provider 202may maintain any suitable number of such computing resource types and/orinstances. Ellipses are used similarly throughout the drawings.

The virtual resource provider 202 may be implemented, at least in part,with server computers such as the Web server 106 and the applicationserver 108 described above with reference to FIG. 1, and one or moredata stores such as the data store 110 of FIG. 1, interconnected by arelatively high speed data network (not shown in FIG. 2). The servercomputers and/or data store(s) implementing the virtual resourceprovider 202 may include different types and/or configurations of servercomputers and/or data stores allocated to different virtual resourcetypes 218-220 and to a control plane 222 of the virtual resourceprovider 202. The control plane 222 may include multiple user interfaces224-226 that enable the clients 204-206 to interact with the virtualresource provider 202, including provisioning and interacting with thevirtual resources 218-220, as well as setting policies with respect tothe virtual resources 218-220. FIG. 3 depicts further aspects of acontrol plane 302 in accordance with at least one embodiment.

The user interfaces 304 of the control plane 302 may include anysuitable type of user interface. For example, the user interface 304 mayinclude graphical user interfaces (GUIs), Web-based interfaces,programmatic interfaces such as application programming interfaces(APIs) and/or sets of remote procedure calls (RPCs) corresponding tointerface elements, messaging interfaces in which the interface elementscorrespond to messages of a communication protocol, and/or suitablecombinations thereof. The user interfaces 304 may include multipleresource interfaces 306-308 enabling user interaction with the virtualresources 218-220 (FIG. 2). For example, there may be one of theresource interfaces 306-308 for each of the types of virtual resources218-220. As another example, one or more of the resource interfaces306-308 may enable interaction with multiple virtual resource types218-220. Alternatively, or in addition, one or more of the types ofvirtual resources 218-220 may incorporate interfaces enabling directinteraction (e.g., by the clients 204-206) without mediation by one ofthe user interfaces 304.

The user interfaces 304 may further include a provisioning interface 310enabling authorized users to provision, configure, re-configure and/orde-provision (collectively, “provision”) the virtual resources 218-220(FIG. 2). Although the example control plane 302 includes one suchprovisioning interface 310, embodiments may include any suitable numberof such provisioning interfaces, including a provisioning interface foreach type of virtual resource 218-220. Alternatively, or in addition,the resource interface 306 corresponding to a particular type of virtualresource 218 may incorporate the provisioning interface for that virtualresource type 218. The user interfaces 304 of the control plane 302 maystill further include a policy management interface 312 enablingestablishment, viewing, editing and/or deletion (collectively,“maintenance”) of virtual resource provider 202 policies includingpolicies with respect to the virtual resources 218-220 and with respectto policy management. Again, although the example control plane 302includes one such policy management interface 312, embodiments mayinclude any suitable number of policy management interfaces including apolicy management interface for each type of virtual resource 218-220.The resource interface 306 corresponding to a particular type of virtualresource 218 may incorporate the policy management interface for thatvirtual resource type 218.

The control plane 302 may include a policy management component 314configured at least to provide centralized policy management for thevirtual resource provider 202 (FIG. 2). The policy management component314 may receive user-specified policies, for example, specified with thepolicy management interface 312, and transform user-specified policiesinto a normal form. The policy management component 314 may thenoptimize the set of normal form policies, for example, for indexingand/or with respect to set size, and index the set of normal formpolicies based at least in part on one or more policy elements of thenormal form. The policy management component 314 may then distribute theoptimized normal form policies to a set of policy enforcement components316-318 in a manner based at least in part on the index.

The control plane 302 may further include a verification mode component320 configured at least to facilitate verification mode reporting. Theverification mode component 320 may collect request evaluation results,normal form policies and/or decision data, map normal form policies touser-specified policies, and generate reports at specified levels ofdetail. For example, verification mode report detail levels may includea low detail level corresponding to an evaluation result and basiccontextual information, a medium detail level that adds a set ofpolicies considered to determine the evaluation result, a high detaillevel that further adds a set of decision data considered to determinethe evaluation result, and a very high detail level that further addsvirtual resource provider 202 (FIG. 2) operational information that mayassist anomalous behavior diagnosis (e.g., debugging). For example, suchoperational information may include an identification of the set ofpolicy enforcement components 316-318 involved in evaluating a requestassociated with the report. In at least one embodiment, verificationmode may be a mechanism by which authorized users are permitted accessto such virtual resource provider 202 operation information.Verification mode may correspond to a sandbox mode in the softwaredevelopment and/or testing sense, enabling configuration verificationand/or testing without possible high cost consequences (e.g., in termsof financial and/or resource costs).

The verification mode component 320 may be further configured to processrequests for verification mode tokens (e.g., cryptographic tokens), andto authenticate such tokens. For example, a verification mode token maybe submitted with a request in order to indicate that the request is tobe processed in verification mode. Alternatively, or in addition,verification mode tokens may authorize substitution of decision data (orat least a portion of the decision data) utilized when evaluating arequest with respect to a set of policies. For example, the verificationmode token may authorize substitution of decision data related to useridentity, thus enabling an administrator to verify that a particularpolicy set has an intended effect with respect to a particular user.

The control plane 302 may include a workflow management component 322configured at least to establish and maintain workflows such as resourceworkflows, provisioning workflows and/or policy management workflowsestablished responsive to user interaction with the resource interfaces306-308, the provisioning interface 310, and/or the policy managementinterface 312, respectively. Workflows may include one or more sequencesof tasks to be executed to perform a job, such as virtual resourceconfiguration, provisioning, or policy management. A workflow, as theterm is used herein, is not the tasks themselves, but a task controlstructure that may control flow of information to and from tasks, aswell as the order of execution of the tasks it controls. For example, aworkflow may be considered a state machine that can manage and returnthe state of a process at any time during execution. Workflows may becreated from workflow templates. For example, a policy managementworkflow may be created from a policy management workflow templateconfigured with parameters by the policy management component 314.

The workflow management component 322 may modify, further specify,and/or further configure established workflows. For example, theworkflow management component 322 may select particular implementationresources of the virtual resource provider 202 to execute and/or beassigned to particular tasks. Such selection may be based at least inpart on the computing resource needs of the particular task as assessedby the workflow management component 322. As another example, theworkflow management component 322 may add additional and/or duplicatetasks to an established workflow and/or reconfigure information flowbetween tasks in the established workflow. Such modification ofestablished workflows may be based at least in part on an executionefficiency analysis by the workflow management component 322. Forexample, some tasks may be efficiently performed in parallel, whileother tasks depend on the successful completion of previous tasks.

The normal form of a policy may include a defined set of policyelements. FIG. 4 depicts aspects of an example normal form policy 402 inaccordance with at least one embodiment. The policy 402 includes apolicy identifier 404 uniquely identifying the policy 402, one or moreeffects 406 of the policy 402, reference to one or more principals 408or actors governed by the policy, a specification of one or more actions410 governed by the policy 402, reference to one or more resources 412governed by the policy 402, a specification of one or more conditions414 to be satisfied before the policy 402 is enforced, and a set ofelement modifiers 416, 418, 420, 422 corresponding to the policyelements 408, 410, 412, 414, respectively. The policy 402 may have analphanumeric and/or Unicode representation and/or encoding sometimescalled the policy document.

The policy identifier 404 may be any suitable identifier uniquelyidentifying the policy 402. For example, the policy identifier 404 maycorrespond to an alphanumeric and/or Unicode (collectively,“alphanumeric”) string or integer number. The policy identifier 404 maybe utilized to reference the policy 402. Examples of policy effectsinclude permit and deny. The effect(s) 406 element of the policy 402 mayspecify such policy effects. For example, a particular policy may permitone or more principals 408 to take one or more actions 410 with respectto one or more resources 412, while another policy may deny a set ofactions 410 to a set of principals 408.

The principal(s) 408 element of the policy 402 may specify one or moreentities known to the virtual resource provider 202 (FIG. 2) that arecapable of making requests of the virtual resource provider 202. Suchentities may include users having a user account with the virtualresource provider 202, customers having a commercial account (e.g., acost-tracking account) with the virtual resource provider 202, andgroups of users and/or customers including role-based groups such asadministrators. Virtual machine instances or other virtual resources,other resources, and/or groups thereof may be also be principals. Suchentities may be specified with any suitable identifier including useridentifiers, customer account numbers, group identifiers, andalphanumeric strings.

The action(s) 410 element of the policy 402 may specify one or moreactions capable of being performed by the virtual resource provider 202(FIG. 2). Such actions may include actions capable of being performed bythe virtual resources 218-220 of the virtual resource provider 202and/or actions that may be requested with the user interfaces 224-226 ofthe virtual resource provider 202, including policy management actions.In at least one embodiment, actions specified by the action(s) 410element correspond to elements of the user interfaces 224-226. Suchactions may be specified with any suitable action identifier includinginterface element identifiers and alphanumeric strings.

The resource(s) 412 element of the policy 402 may specify one or moreresources of the virtual resource provider 202 (FIG. 2) for which one ormore of the action(s) 410 is valid. Such resources may include virtualresources 218-220, implementation resources, policies, and verificationmode tokens. Such resources may be specified with any suitable resourceidentifier including resource identifiers in accordance with a uniformresource identifier (URI) standard such as Berners-Lee et al., “UniformResource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax,” Request for Comments (RFC)3986, Network Working Group, January 2005.

The condition(s) 414 element of the policy 402 may specify a set ofconditions to be satisfied before the policy 402 is enforced. Forexample, the condition(s) 414 may specify the conditions under which theprincipal(s) 408 are permitted to perform the action(s) 410 with respectto the resource(s) 412. Such conditions may be specified with anysuitable condition specification language including suitable programminglanguages, and may include compound conditions, for example, specifiedwith Boolean operators. Condition parameters may include any suitabledata available to the virtual resource provider 202 (FIG. 2). Conditionparameter examples include environmental data such as calendar date andtime of day, and request-associated data such as originating networkaddress, originating geographical location, originating political and/oradministrative division, and communication protocol employed.

By default, the policy 402 effect(s) 406 may be enforced when thespecified principal(s) 408 request the specified action(s) 410 withrespect to the specified resource(s) 412 and the specified set ofcondition(s) 414 are satisfied. However, the element modifiers 416-422may indicate that the corresponding policy elements 408-414 specifyexceptions. That is, that the policy 402 effect(s) 406 be enforcedunless the specified principal(s) 408 are the actors, unless thespecified action(s) 410 are requested, unless the specified resource(s)412 are the subject of action and/or unless the specified set ofconditions is satisfied. In addition, policy element 408-414specifications may include “wildcard” values. For example, a ‘*’wildcard value may match all and/or any valid values of the policyelement 408-414. Alternatively, or in addition, wildcard values may bematched contextually. For example, a ‘*’ wildcard value may match alland/or any values of the policy element 408-414 that are valid withrespect to a particular user, customer, group, and/or other context of aparticular request.

As described above with reference to FIG. 3, the policy managementcomponent 314 may transform user-specified policies into normal formpolicies, and optimize sets of normal form policies. The optimized setof normal form policies may differ significantly from the supplied setof user-specified policies. A single user-specified policy can result inthe addition of multiple normal form policies. A single normal formpolicy can participate in enforcing multiple user-specified policies. Inat least one embodiment, each normal form policy 402 maintains a set ofreferences to “parent” policies 424 which the normal form policy 402participates in enforcing. For example, the set of parent policies 424may be updated during user-specified policy transformation and normalform policy set optimization operations.

The virtual resource provider 202 may be implemented as a collection ofnetworked services. FIG. 5 depicts aspects of an example virtualresource provider 502 implemented in accordance with at least oneembodiment. The virtual resource provider 502 includes multiple virtualresource services 504-506, a policy management service 508, anauthentication service 510, a set of decision data providers 512, and averification mode service 514, each interconnected by a network 516. Thearrow 518 indicates that the network 516 is connected to the network 214of FIG. 2.

Each virtual resource service 504, 506 may maintain a set of provisionedresources 520-522, 524-526 and incorporate a resource interface 528,530. For example, each virtual resource service 504-506 may maintain onetype of virtual resource 218-220 as described above with reference toFIG. 2, and incorporate a corresponding one of the resource interfaces306-308 described above with reference to FIG. 3. The policy managementservice 508 may incorporate a policy management interface 532corresponding to the policy management interface 312 of FIG. 3.

The policy management service 508 may act as a centralized policymanagement service for the virtual resource provider 502, managing,transforming, optimizing and distributing one or more sets of policies534 to other services 504-506, 510-514 of the virtual resource provider502. In addition, in at least one embodiment, services 504-506, 510-514of the virtual resource provider 502 other than the policy managementservice 508 may maintain policies. For example, the virtual resourceservices 504-506 may each maintain a set of policies 536-538, 540-542that are relevant to the respective set of provisioned resources520-522, 524-526. Such policies 536-538, 540-542 may be established,viewed, edited, and deleted with policy management interface 312 (FIG.3) functionality integrated into the associated resource interface528-530. Such policies 536-538, 540-542 may be compatible with thepolicies 534 maintained by the policy management service 508. Forexample, the policies 536-538, 540-542 may each have a formcorresponding to the normal form policy 402 (FIG. 4). Further, inaddition, in at least one embodiment, policies may be maintained at alocation external to the virtual resource provider 502, and supplied forenforcement as part of interactions with the services 504-514 of thevirtual resource provider 502. For example, request 544 incorporatessuch a policy 546.

The authentication service 510 may provide authentication services forthe virtual resource provider 502. For example, the authenticationservice 510 may authenticate an integrity and/or an authenticity ofpolicies 534-542, 546. In addition, the authentication service 510 mayauthenticate an identity of clients 204-206 (FIG. 2), customers and/orusers of the virtual resource provider 502. For example, the policymanagement interface 532 and/or the resource interfaces 528-530 mayutilize the authentication service 510 to establish and/or verify anidentity and/or authority of a user with respect to policies 534-542,546 and/or provisioned resources 520-526. The authentication service 510may utilize any suitable authentication mechanism, including anysuitable cryptographic authentication mechanism, to provide theauthentication services. Such authentication mechanisms are well knownin the art and need not be detailed here.

The decision data providers 512 may provide data required by policyenforcement components 316-318 (FIG. 3) to evaluate requests that aresubject to policies. For example, the provisioned resources 520-526 maybe associated with various labeling and/or naming schemes (“resourcenames”), and the decision data providers 512 may include a nameresolution provider that maps or resolves such resource names tolocations (e.g., network locations) within the virtual resource provider502. The decision data providers 512 may further include providers ofdata required to determine whether the condition(s) 414 (FIG. 4) of thepolicy 402 are satisfied. For example, a particular policy may denyinteraction with a particular resource from a specified set ofgeographic locations and/or regions (collectively, “geographiclocations”). In such a case, the decision data providers 512 may includea geographic resolution provider capable of identifying a set ofgeographic locations associated with the request 544.

The verification mode service 514 may provide verification modefunctionality (e.g., as described above with reference to theverification mode component 320 of FIG. 3) as a service to the otherservices 504-512 of the virtual resource provider 502. For example, theresource interfaces 528-530 and/or the policy management interface 532may query the verification mode service 514 to authenticate averification mode token and/or may provide evaluation results forreporting in response to a request. An example verification mode serviceis described below in more detail with reference to FIG. 7. However, thedescription first turns to further aspects of the policy managementservice 508 in accordance with at least one embodiment.

The policy management service 602 of FIG. 6 is an example of the policymanagement service 508 of FIG. 5, and includes a policy managementinterface 604 corresponding to the policy management interface 532 ofFIG. 5. Users of the virtual resource provider 502 may interact with thepolicy management interface 604 to specify, view, edit, and/or deletepolicies in a user-specified policy set 606 maintained by the policymanagement service 602. The policy management service 602 may furthermaintain a normalized policy set 608 corresponding to the user-specifiedset 606. The normalized policy set 608 may be maintained by a policynormalization component 610. The policy management service 602 mayparticipate in policy enforcement, for example, the policy managementservice 602 may include a policy enforcement component 616 correspondingto one of the policy enforcement components 316-318 of FIG. 3. Inparticular, the policy enforcement component 616 may enforce policiesreferencing actions that may be requested with the policy managementinterface 604. Furthermore, in at least one embodiment, at least aportion of the normalized policy set 608, or a copy thereof, isdistributed to policy enforcement components located throughout thevirtual resource provider 502. The policy management service 602 mayinclude a policy distribution component 612 configured at least todistribute the normalized policy set 608 throughout the virtual resourceprovider 502, for example, based at least in part on a policy index 614.

Policies in the user-specified policy set 606 may be specified withalphanumeric strings. A first example of such a policy is:

-   -   permit administrators *        corresponding to permission for members of the group with        identifier “administrators” to perform all actions with respect        to all resources associated with a particular virtual resource        provider 502 (FIG. 5) customer account. A second example is:    -   deny jsmith * unless current_time in business_hours        corresponding to denying permission for a user with identifier        “jsmith” to perform any action outside of business hours. A        third example is:

permit jsmith to {create, read, write, delete} data_object_service:zone_1::/public/imagescorresponding to permission for the user with identifier “jsmith” tocreate, read, write and delete data objects at a particular virtualresource having resource identifier“data_object_service:zone_1::/public/images”. A fourth example is:

 permit msmith to configure {vcs::/example_corp/*, bds::/example_corp/*}corresponding to permission for a user with identifier “msmith” toconfigure all virtual computer systems (provided by a virtual computingservice “vcs”) and block data volumes (provided by a block data service“bds”) associated with a customer having customer identifier“example_corp”. Each user-specified policy may be associated with aunique identifier.

The policy normalization component 610 may generate sets of normalizedpolicies corresponding to user-specified policies, and store thenormalized policies in the normalized policy set 608. For example, eachpolicy in the normalized policy set 608 may have a form corresponding tothe normal form policy 402 of FIG. 4. The policy normalization component610 may generate multiple normal form policies corresponding to auser-specified policy, for example, due to decompounding with respect topolicy elements 408-414. The fourth user-specified policy exampledescribed above may be decompounded to generate two normal formpolicies, both with the effect 406 element specifying a permit effect,the principal 408 element specifying the user with identifier “msmith”,and the action 410 element specifying the configure action. For example,the resource 412 element of one of the normal form policies may specifyall virtual computer systems associated with the customer identifier“example_corp”, the resource 412 element of the other of the normal formpolicies may specify all block data volumes associated with the customeridentifier “example_corp”. In this example, the user-specified policyhas been decompounded with respect to the resource 412 element. Asanother example, the policy normalization component 610 may beconfigured to decompound the first user-specified policy exampledescribed above with respect to the action 410 element and/or theresource 412 element.

Wildcards may be first “expanded” into a set of values, for example,based on a context of the user-specified policy, before beingdecompounded. The decompounding need not be complete with respect topolicy element 408-414 (FIG. 4) values. For example, the policynormalization component 610 may be configured to protect particularsubsets of policy element 408-414 values (policy element “atoms” or“indivisibles”) from decompounding. As one example, the set of actionscorresponding to “{create, read, write, delete}” may be protected fromdecompounding.

The policy normalization component 610 may reduce a size of thenormalized policy set 608, for example, by reducing redundancy in thenormalized policy set 608. The policy normalization component 610 maydetect that a newly added normal form policy is contained within thescope of one or more of the normalized policy set 608, and delete thenewly added normal form policy from the normalized policy set 608.Normal form policies, such as the normal form policy 402 of FIG. 4, maycorrespond to sets of points in one or more policy spaces, for example,spaces having dimensions corresponding to the policy elements 408-414 ofthe normal form, and/or Boolean-valued functions over the policy spaces.Each effect 406 element value may correspond to such a policy space. Forexample, there may be a permit space and a deny space. The policyenforcement components 316-318 (FIG. 3) may be configured to require anexplicit permit in the absence of a deny in order to permit a particularaction, that is, to require a point in a permit space without acorresponding point in the deny space. Wildcards may correspond toregions of such policy spaces. Element modifiers 416-422 may be used todefine complimentary sets of the policy spaces. The policy normalizationcomponent 610 may detect whether the normal form policy 402 is within inthe scope of a set of normal form policies (e.g., the normalized policyset 608) by determining whether the set of points corresponding to thenormal form policy 402 is contained within the set of pointscorresponding to the set of normal form policies.

The policy normalization component 610 may further reduce the size ofthe normalized policy set 608 by compounding and/or recompounding normalform policies in the normalized policy set 608 with respect to policyelements 408-414 (FIG. 4). Some policy element 408-414 values maycorrespond to multiple other policy element 408-414 values, so that asingle normal form policy 402 may correspond to a same policy spaceregion as multiple other normal form policies. For example, a principal408 element value corresponding to a group may be equivalent to multipleprincipal 408 element values corresponding to individual users. Thepolicy normalization component 610 may be configured to detectcompoundable subsets of the normalized policy set 608 and to compoundthe detected subsets along policy element 408-414 dimensions toconfigured granularities (which need not be the coarsest availablegranularity). Throughout generation and/or transformation of thenormalized policy set 608, the policy normalization component 610 may beconfigured to maintain the set of parent policies 424 of each normalform policy 402. For example, the set of parent policies 424 may includethe identifier of each user-specified policy that the normal form policy402 participates in enforcing.

Different regions of the policy space(s) may be enforced by differentpolicy enforcement components 316-318 (FIG. 3). Different policyenforcement components 316-318 may enforce overlapping, and even same,regions of the policy space(s). However, in at least one embodiment,different policy enforcement components 316-318 enforce disjoint regionsof the policy space(s). The policy distribution component 612 maydetermine regions of the policy space(s), and corresponding subsets ofthe normalized policy set 608, to assign and/or distribute to the policyenforcement components 316-318. To facilitate such distribution, thepolicy distribution component 612 may establish and maintain the policyindex 614. The policy index 614 may index the normalized policy set 608with respect to policy element 408-414 (FIG. 4) values and/or subsetsthereof. For example, the policy index 614 may index the normalizedpolicy set 608 with respect to resource 412 and/or resource 412 type.Policies in the normalized policy set 608 may be multiply indexed, forexample, with respect to multiple different policy element 408-414values and/or value subsets. The policy distribution component 612 maydistribute the normalized policy set 608 to the policy enforcementcomponents 316-318 based at least in part on the policy index 614. Forexample, sets of indices of the policy index 614 may define policyenforcement domains corresponding to subsets of the normalized policyset 608, and the policy distribution component 612 may distribute suchsubsets to the policy enforcement components 316-318 as units. In atleast one embodiment, each normal form policy 402 incorporates itsindexing information and/or the policy index 614 is incorporated intothe normalized policy set 608.

The distributed nature of policy enforcement in the virtual resourceprovider 502 (FIG. 5) can complicate efforts to verify that a particularset of user-specified polices has its intended consequences. FIG. 7depicts aspects of an example verification mode service 702 inaccordance with at least one embodiment that can facilitate suchverification. The verification mode service 702 may include a tokenmanagement component 704 accessible through a token interface 706. Thetoken management component 704 may issue verification mode tokens inresponse to authorized requests, record the issued tokens in an issuedtoken database 708, and authenticate the issued tokens upon request.Following processing of the request 544 in verification mode, areporting component 710 of the verification mode service 702 may preparea verification mode report at a specified level of detail. Requests forsuch reports, as well as level of detail specification, may be made witha reporting interface 712 of the verification mode service 702. Suchreport requests may not include all the data required by the reportingcomponent 710. The verification mode service 702 may further include adata collection component 714 configured to interact with other services504-512 of the virtual resource provider 502 to obtain the requireddata.

Policies with respect to actions that may be requested with the tokeninterface 706 and/or the reporting interface may be enforced by a policyenforcement component 716 corresponding to one of the policy enforcementcomponents 316-318 of FIG. 3. For example, such policies may define aset of users of the virtual resource provider 502 (FIG. 5) authorized tobe issued verification mode tokens, and may require an authenticverification mode token before providing the verification mode report.The token management component 704 may issue multiple types of tokens,for example, tokens authorizing verification mode reporting may be aseparate type from tokens authorizing substitution of decision dataduring verification mode processing of the request 544. Tokensauthorizing substitution of different subsets and/or types of decisiondata may also be separate types. Verification mode policies maydistinguish between different types of tokens. Generation, issuance,authentication, and revocation of cryptographic tokens are well known inthe art, and need not be described here in detail.

Requests at the reporting interface 712 may specify a type of reportand/or level of reporting detail. For example, the workflow managementcomponent 322 (FIG. 3) may generate the request in response to detectinga verification mode request at one of the resource interfaces 306-308.The reporting component 710 may generate the requested report based on acorresponding report template, utilizing the data collection component714 to collect data as necessary. Fields that may be included in theverification mode report include one or more results of evaluation ofthe verification mode request by one or more of the policy enforcementcomponents 316-318, a subset of the normalized policy set 608 (FIG. 6)and/or the user-specified policy set 606 relevant to the verificationmode request and/or utilized during the evaluation by the one or morepolicy enforcement components 316-318, decision data utilized during theevaluation, virtual resource provider 502 contextual operating datacapable of influencing the evaluation, and/or versions thereof filteredand/or summarized to the specified level of detail. The reportingcomponent 710 may be configured to map a set of normal form policies toa corresponding set of user-specified policies based at least in part onthe set of parent policies 424 (FIG. 4) referenced by each normal formpolicy 402.

Each virtual resource service 504-506 (FIG. 5) may be implemented with acollection of physical server computers and/or network elements. FIG. 8depicts aspects of an example virtual resource service 802 in accordancewith at least one embodiment. The virtual resource service 802 depictedin FIG. 8 is an example of the virtual resource service 504 of FIG. 5.The example virtual resource service 802 includes multiple virtualresource servers 804-806 and one or more interface servers 808interconnected by a network 810. The provisioned resources 520-522 andpolicies 536-538 of FIG. 5 may be distributed across the virtualresource servers 804-806 of FIG. 8 utilizing any suitable datadistribution technique. For example, each virtual resource server 804,806 may maintain a subset 812-814, 816-818 of the provisioned resources520-522, and a corresponding subset 820-822, 824-826 of the policies536-538. Such subsets may deliberately overlap for various purposesincluding data durability and service capability.

The interface server(s) 808 may (collectively) maintain a resourceinterface 828 and a policy enforcement component 830. The resourceinterface 828 may correspond to one of the resource interfaces 306-308of FIG. 3. Similarly, the policy enforcement component 830 maycorrespond to one of the policy enforcement components 316-318 of FIG.3. The policy enforcement component 830 of FIG. 8 may enforce policiesreferencing actions that may be requested with the resource interface828 of FIG. 8. Such policies may include policies distributed by thepolicy management service 602 (FIG. 6), policies 820-826 stored on thevirtual resource servers 804-806, and policies accompanying requests tothe resource interface 828 such as the policy 546 of FIG. 5. Forexample, the resource interface 828 may require a “permit” evaluation bythe policy enforcement component 830 before further processing arequest.

FIG. 9 depicts aspects of an example resource interface 902 inaccordance with at least one embodiment. The resource interface 902 mayinclude any suitable number of interface elements of any suitable type.In this example, the resource interface 902 includes a configureresource interface element 904, a read resource attribute(s) interfaceelement 906, an update resource attribute(s) interface element 908, anactivate resource functionality interface element 910, and a deleteresource attribute(s) interface element 912. In addition, the resourceinterface 902 includes distinct interface elements 914-922 correspondingto verification mode versions of the interface elements 904-912. Eachinterface element 904-922 defines a structured interaction with theprovisioned resources 812-818 (FIG. 8) including a request to perform aset of actions with respect to at least one of the provisioned resources812-818. In the example resource interface 902, each interface element904-922 corresponds to a set of messages of a Web-based servicesprotocol such as extensible markup language (XML) encoded remoteprocedure calls (e.g., XML-RPC) or a simple object access protocol(e.g., SOAP).

Clients 204-206 (FIG. 2) may utilize the configure resource interfaceelement 904 to request a configuration and/or reconfiguration of one ormore of the provisioned resources 812-818 (FIG. 8). For example, if theprovisioned resources 812-818 include data object stores, the configureresource interface element 904 may enable clients 204-206 to set amaximum size of a data object store over which they have authority.Clients 204-206 may utilize the read resource attribute(s) interfaceelement 906 to request a read or view of one or more attributes of oneor more of the provisioned resources 812-818. For example, the readresource attribute(s) interface element 906 may enable clients 204-206to obtain copies of specified data objects from specified data objectstores. Clients 204-206 may utilize the update resource attribute(s)interface element 908 to request an update of one or more attributes ofone or more of the provisioned resources 812-818. For example, theupdate resource attribute(s) interface element 908 may enable clients204-206 to update specified data objects and/or create specified dataobjects in specified data object stores.

Some provisioned resources 812-818 (FIG. 8) may have functionality thatcan be activated, and the activate resource functionality interfaceelement 910 may be utilized to request an activation of thatfunctionality. For example, some types of data object store may have acapability to analyze stored data objects, and the activate resourcefunctionality interface element 910 may enable authorized clients tostart, stop, suspend and/or perform the analysis. The delete resourceattribute(s) interface element 912 may enable clients 204-206 (FIG. 2)to request a deletion and/or re-initialization of one or more attributesof one or more of the provisioned resources 812-818. For example,clients 204-206 with sufficient authorization may delete specified dataobjects from specified data object stores.

In the example resource interface 902, utilization of the verificationmode versions 914-922 of the interface elements 904-912 indicates thatthe corresponding request is to be processed in the verification mode(is a “verification mode request”). For example, the resource interface828 (FIG. 8) may submit the request to the policy enforcement component830 as usual, but inhibit any actions that would usually result from a“permit” evaluation result. Regardless of the evaluation result, theresource interface 828 may respond to the request with a verificationmode report. For example, the resource interface 828 and/or acontrolling workflow may invoke an interface element of the verificationmode reporting interface 712 (FIG. 7) to generate the verification modereport. The use of dedicated interface elements 914-922 is only onetechnique for indicating that a request is to be processed inverification mode. Alternate embodiments may utilize any suitabletechnique. For example, interface elements 904-912 may incorporate anexplicit indicator (e.g., a “flag”) for indicating the request is averification mode request. The resource interface 902 may include anexplicit set of interface elements (not shown in FIG. 9) for activatingand deactivating verification mode processing. As a further alternative,or in addition, receipt of a verification mode token (e.g., issued bythe verification mode service 702) may act as an indication that anassociated request is to be processed in verification mode.

Each interface element 904-922 may correspond to a request (e.g., therequest 544 of FIG. 5) subject to a subset of the policies 534-542, 546.In order to evaluate the request with respect to the subset of thepolicies 534-542, 546, the resource interface 828 (FIG. 8) receiving therequest may submit the request to the policy enforcement component 830.FIG. 10 depicts aspects of an example policy enforcement component 1002in accordance with at least one embodiment. The policy enforcementcomponent 1002 of FIG. 10 is an example of the policy enforcementcomponent 830 of FIG. 8.

The policy enforcement component 1002 may include a policy collector1004 configured at least to collect relevant policies 534-542, 546 (FIG.5) from locations throughout the virtual resource provider 502, andstore them local to a decision engine 1006 in a policy cache 1008.Collected policies may not be in normal form 402 (FIG. 4). The policyenforcement component 1002 may further include a policy normalizationcomponent 1010 having functionality corresponding to that of the policynormalization component 610 (FIG. 6) of the policy management service602. The policy normalization component 1010 may normalize the set ofpolicies in the policy cache 1008. The decision engine 1006 may evaluaterequests submitted to the policy enforcement component 1002 with respectto relevant policies in the policy cache 1008. At times, additional datamay be required to support particular decisions with respect toparticular policies. The policy enforcement component 1002 may stillfurther include one or more decision data collectors 1012 configured atleast to collect the required decision support data (“decision data”)from locations throughout the virtual resource provider 502. Collecteddecision data may be stored local to the decision engine 1006 in adecision data cache 1014.

The policy collector 1004 may update the policy cache 1008 responsive topolicy update notifications, for example, received from the policymanagement service 602 (FIG. 6) and/or the virtual resource servers804-806 (FIG. 8). The policy collector 1004 may subscribe tonotifications of updates to relevant policies and/or policy setsmaintained at the policy management service 602 and/or the virtualresource servers 804-806. Alternatively, or in addition, the policycollector 1004 may periodically search for changes to policies in thepolicy cache 1008 and/or for newly relevant policies.

The decision data collector(s) 1012 may include one or more datacollectors configured to interact with the decision data providers 512(FIG. 5). The decision data collector(s) 1012 may collect decision dataresponsive to requests by the decision engine 1006, for example,requests by the decision engine 1006 for decision data that is notpresent in the decision data cache 1014 and/or that is out-of-date. Thedecision data collector(s) 1012 may furthermore maintain one or moresubsets and/or types of decision data in the decision data cache 1014,for example, responsive to update notifications from the decision dataproviders 512 and/or with updates discovered by periodic searching.

As described above with reference to FIG. 3, the control plane 302 maybe facilitated by one or more workflows maintained by the workflowmanagement component 322. FIG. 11 depicts example steps for workflowmanagement in accordance with at least one embodiment. At step 1102, arequest may be received by an interface of the control plane 302 (FIG.3). For example, one of the user interfaces 304 of the control plane 302may receive the request from a user, customer, and/or administrator ofthe virtual resource provider 202. The request may be a call to aprogrammatic interface such as an application programming interface(API) or a Web services interface, e.g., utilizing a Simple ObjectAccess Protocol (SOAP) call. Alternatively, or in addition, the requestmay be received through a graphical user interface (GUI) such as aWeb-based GUI. At step 1104, the request may be analyzed to determineone or more actions required to complete the request successfully. Forexample, the provisioning interface 310 may analyze the request, anddetermine a set of actions required to provision a set of virtualresources 218-220 (FIG. 2). When an interface element receiving therequest corresponds to a specific action to be performed, the interfacemay extract information from the request to be utilized in determiningaspects and/or parameters of the action to be performed.

At step 1106, a request may be sent to create a workflow based at leastin part on the one or more actions determined at step 1104. For example,provisioning interface 310 (FIG. 3) may send the request to the workflowmanagement component 322. The request to create the workflow may includethe action(s), action metadata such as type of action, and/or actionparameters. In at least one embodiment, the control plane 302 and/or theworkflow management component 322 maintains a job queue for suchrequests, and workflows are created responsive to new additions to thejob queue. At step 1108, a workflow and one or more component tasks maybe created. For example, the workflow management component 322 mayanalyze the request of step 1106 to determine the appropriate workflowand component tasks to create.

At step 1110, execution of the component task(s) may be guided inaccordance with the workflow. For example, the workflow managementcomponent 322 (FIG. 3) may activate elements of interfaces of variousimplementation resources to provision the set of virtual resources.Alternatively, or in addition, the workflow management component 322 maymanage bids for execution of the component task(s) by components of thevirtual resource provider 202. At step 1112, it may be determinedwhether the workflow has finished. For example, the workflow managementcomponent 322 may determine whether a final task in a sequence of tasksmanaged by the workflow has completed. If so, a procedure incorporatingstep 1112 may progress to step 1114. Otherwise the procedure may returnto step 1110 for a next task and/or task sequence. Workflows may guidemultiple task sequences executing in parallel. In this case, it may bethat the workflow is not finished until each of the multiple tasksequences completes and/or an explicit workflow finished flag is set byone of the component tasks. At step 1114, the sender of the request ofstep 1102 may be informed of result(s) of the action(s).

FIG. 12 shows an illustrative example of a process 1200 which may beused to provide computing resources in accordance with an embodiment.Some or all of the process 1200 (or any other processes describedherein, or variations and/or combinations thereof) may be performedunder the control of one or more computer systems configured withexecutable instructions and may be implemented as code (e.g., executableinstructions, one or more computer programs, or one or moreapplications) executing collectively on one or more processors, byhardware, or combinations thereof. The code may be stored on acomputer-readable storage medium, for example, in the form of a computerprogram comprising a plurality of instructions executable by one or moreprocessors.

In an embodiment, the process 1200 includes receiving 1202 a request fora set of virtual machine instances. The request for the set of virtualmachine instances may be made, for instance, by a customer of a remotecomputing services provider. The request for a set of virtual machineinstances may specify one or more actions to be taken in connection withthe requested set of virtual machine instances, such as provisioning thevirtual machine instances. Other information may also be received aspart of or, generally, in connection with the request, such as one ormore machine images to be used with the set of virtual machine instancesand other configuration details. However, the request may be any generalrequest that identifies a set of virtual machine instances.

In an embodiment, authorization specifications for the requested virtualmachine instances are received 1204. The authorization specificationsmay be received separately from, or as a part of, the request forvirtual machine instances. In embodiments, the authorizationspecifications include information specifying a policy and/orgranularity information. Information specified in the policy may be inaccordance with the above description, although any method of specifyingactions that may or may not be taken by one or more virtual machineinstances, possibly under one or more conditions, may be used. As anexample, the policy may specify that all users may use the virtualmachine instances to read a particular storage volume that is maintainedby a block data storage service. Similarly, another policy may specifythat only certain users may use the identified virtual machine instancesto write to the storage volume. Generally, the policy may specify one ormore actions that may be taken by one or more virtual machine instances.The actions may specify, for example, application programming interface(API) calls that may be made. The API calls may be selected from aplurality of possible calls that may be made in connection with variousservices provided by a remote computing services provider, or generally,any operator of computing services. As a specific example, a policy maystate that any virtual machine instance having particular credentialsmay make certain API calls that can terminate, stop, and/or otherwiseaffect other virtual machine instances.

The granularity information, in an embodiment, is information, which maybe used to determine how credentials for the requested virtual machineinstances are to be distributed. For a set of one or more virtualmachine instances, in an embodiment, the granularity information isdeterminative of how many sets of credentials are to be generated forthe set of virtual machine instances and is determinative of one or moresubsets of the set of virtual machine instances to which the credentialsare to be distributed. As an example, the granularity information mayspecify that each of the requested virtual machine instances shouldreceive a corresponding unique set of credentials. The granularityinformation may also specify other levels of granularity. For instance,granularity information may specify that one or more groups of therequested virtual machine instances should receive a corresponding setof credentials, for some definition of the groups, which may beuser-defined and/or selected. For instance, the granularity informationmay identify a plurality of subsets of the set of virtual machineinstances where each subset of the set of requested virtual machineinstances is to receive a separate set of credentials. The subsets maybe identified based at least in part on one or more characteristics ofthe subsets and generally the parameters for the granularity informationmay include information identifying a host class, a placement group orother logical grouping of computing resources, a geographic location,one or more hardware characteristics for hardware used to provision thevirtual machines, and generally any information which may differentiatevirtual machine instances from one another, including, but not limitedto, user-assigned tags for the virtual machine instances. Users may alsodefine subsets by selecting virtual machine instances for each subset.

In an embodiment, the set of virtual machine instances is provisioned1206. Provisioning may be accomplished by allocating hardware resourcesto the requested virtual machine instances, as described above. Inaddition, in an embodiment, credentials for the virtual machineinstances are generated 1208 in accordance with an embodiment. Thecredentials may be generated according to the authorizationspecifications. Continuing with an example provided above, if theauthorization specifications indicate that each of the virtual machineinstances should have their own credentials, credentials may begenerated for each of the virtual machine instances. Generally, if theauthorization specifications indicate that each of a plurality ofsubsets of the virtual machine instances should receive their owncredentials, credentials may be generated for each subset. It should benoted that, while generating credentials for the virtual machineinstances is shown as a set occurring subsequent to other steps in theprocess 1200, credential generation may occur at other times. Forinstance, credentials may be pre-generated and assigned as needed. Inthis example, generating credentials may comprise assigningalready-generated credentials as necessary, based at least in part ongranularity information.

Once the credentials for the virtual machine instances are generated1208, the generated credentials are distributed 1210 to the virtualmachine instances. Distribution of the credentials for virtual machineinstances may be accomplished in any suitable manner, such as bysending, over a communications network, the credentials to the virtualmachine instances for use by the virtual machine instances inauthenticating themselves with respect to one or more virtual resourceservices, such as in a manner described above. The distributedcredentials may be made available to one or more processes executing onthe virtual machine instances, such as by configuring a virtual machineinstance that has received the credentials to be able to provide thecredentials to the one or more processes and/or storing the distributedcredentials in a data store accessible to the virtual machine instance.As another example, the credentials may be distributed and/or otherwisemade available via an unauthenticated web server located at a well-knownnetwork location, such as a predetermined IP address for a serverconfigured to provide credentials to virtual machine instances and/orother computing resources. Credentials may also be made available via apublic-key cryptography system (PKCS) interface. In an embodiment, thepublic-key cryptography system interface is an interface that complieswith PKCS#11 and/or other suitable standards. The distributedcredentials may be maintained in a manner wherein the distributedcredentials are accessible only by the virtual machine instances towhich the distributed credentials were distributed, possibly subject toone or more exceptions. For example, the distributed credentials may beaccessible by a computer system involved in the management anddistribution. Thus, another virtual machine instance to which thecredentials have not been distributed may be prevented from accessingthe credentials unless another machine instance to which the credentialswere distributed has provided the credentials to the other virtualmachine instance and any applicable policies allow such distribution.Distribution of the generated credentials may be done in a securemanner, such as over a secure shell (SSH) connection and, generally, maybe done in any suitable manner that results in credentials being usableby virtual machine instances for authentication. Distribution ofcredentials may also include updating one or more systems used forauthentication, such as an authentication service described above, whichmay maintain a mapping of credentials to virtual machine instances, suchas by one or more database tables. In an embodiment, one or more datastructures (such as a relational database table) are used to associate,either directly or indirectly, credentials with one or more actions thatmay be taken by virtual machine instances (or other resources) that areable to provide the credentials, possibly subject to one or more otherconditions. An authentication service may utilize the one or more datastructures in one or more determinations whether to provide access to avirtual machine instance requesting the access. Upon distribution ofcredentials, such data structures may be updated.

In an embodiment, one or more policies applicable to the authorizationspecifications are updated 1212. For instance, if the authorizationspecification specifies that one or more subsets of the requestedvirtual machine instances will have certain privileges, one or morestored policies may be updated to reflect the privileges granted to therequested virtual machine instances. As noted, one or more policies maybe based at least in part on credentials. As an example, a policy maypermit or deny one or more actions to virtual machine instances having aparticular set of credentials and/or a certain class of credentials.Accordingly, updating policies may include identifying in the policiesinformation that allows specific credential-based conditions to bechecked. Updating policies may also include, for one or more policiesassociated with the credentials, assigning one or more virtual machineinstances to which credentials have been distributed as principals ofthe one or more policies. As with other steps in the process 1200 (andgenerally, with steps of other processes described herein), updatingpolicies is shown in a particular place in connection with a series ofsteps. However, policy updates may be made at any suitable time.

Additional actions may be taken in connection with the process 1200, orvariations thereof. For example, the credentials may be received fromthe virtual computing instances and used in an authentication process,as described below. In addition, more than one set of credentials may beprovided to one or more virtual machine instances. Further, whilevarious embodiments described herein focus on authentication inconnection with services of a remote computing services provider,credentials distributed in accordance with the various embodiments maybe used in other instances, such as for authentication with thirdparties and, generally, any process in which credentials are used.

As noted above, credentials may be generated in accordance withinformation specifying a granularity for such credentials. Accordingly,FIG. 13 shows an illustrative example of the process 1300 which may beused to generate and distribute credentials according to granularityinformation specified by the user. In an embodiment, a granular unit isidentified 1302. A granular unit may be a set of one or more virtualmachine instances associated with a set of credentials used by all ofthe virtual machine instances in the set. The granular unit may be basedin part on granularity information provided by a user in connection withthe request for one or more virtual machine instances. For example, ifthe granularity information indicates that each virtual machine instanceis to receive its own set of credentials, a granular unit may be avirtual machine instance. Granular units may also be sets of multiplevirtual machine instances, such as indicated by the granularityinformation. A granular unit may be, for example, a set of all virtualmachine instances of a customer of a remote computing services providerthat are implemented using a particular class of host hardware, or asubset of such virtual machine instances. As another example, a granularunit may be a set of a customer's (or, generally, user's) virtualmachine instances located in a particular data center, or having beenassigned with a tag. As yet another example, a granular unit may be aset of a user's virtual machine instances having a particular propertyor combination of properties, or, generally, satisfying a set of one ormore criteria.

In an embodiment, credentials for the identified granular unit aregenerated 1304 in accordance with an embodiment. Generation of thecredentials may be performed in any suitable manner, which may depend onone or more protocols for which the credentials will be used. In anembodiment, credentials are generated as unique identifiers forcorresponding sets of virtual machine instances. Credentials may be orinclude a key for an authentication algorithm, such as a key for apublic-key cryptography algorithm. Thus, for an identified granularunit, the credentials are a unique identifier string to be shared by thevirtual machine instances of the identified granular unit. However, thecredentials may be any set of credentials that may be used with anauthentication protocol. In addition, the credentials may encode atleast some information representative of metadata of resources in thegranular unit. For instance, if the granular unit is a virtual machine,the credentials may encode an Internet Protocol (IP) address for thevirtual machine instance, and, if the identified granular unit includesa plurality of virtual machine instances, the credentials may encode aset of IP addresses for the virtual machine instances of the identifiedgranular unit. Generally, the credentials may encode any informationabout any virtual machine instances associated with the credentials. Inan embodiment, credentials encode one or more policies. For instance, ifa virtual machine instance is implemented on a host machine, credentialsaccessible by the virtual machine may encode a token that may berequired to be used with a key provided by the host machine in anauthentication procedure. In this manner, the credentials encode apolicy that requires use of the credentials to be limited to virtualmachines implemented by the host. Such credentials may be provided tomultiple virtual machines on the same host. Thus, if another virtualmachine provides the credentials from another host that does not havethe corresponding key, authentication may fail. In addition to theabove, as noted, credentials, or portions thereof, may be pre-generatedand assigned as needed instead of generated upon identification of agranular unit as illustrated in FIG. 13.

In an embodiment, the generated credentials are added 1306 to acredentials mapping. As discussed, the mapping may associate credentialsof virtual machine instances with the instances themselves. Forinstance, the mapping may associate credentials to a set of IP addressesand/or other identifiers of virtual machine instances. As noted above,the mapping may be maintained by an authentication service. For avirtual machine, the mapping may be used, in accordance with the abovedescription, to verify, for instance, that a request made by a virtualmachine using the credentials is associated with the credentials, toensure that a virtual machine has the proper privileges to perform anyactions requested by the virtual machine, and/or to allow the virtualmachine to establish a connection (such as an SSH, HTTP, or otherconnection) with another system, such as a system providing a virtualresource service, as described above.

In an embodiment, a determination is made 1308 whether there areadditional granular units for which credentials could be generated. If,for example, credentials have not been generated to all granular unitsspecified by authentication information specified by a customer, thedetermination may be that there are additional granular units. In anembodiment, if the determination is that there are additional granularunits for which credentials should be generated, the next granular unitis identified 1310 in accordance with an embodiment. The next granularunit may be the same type as the previously-identified granular unit,although it may be of a different type. For instance, if thepreviously-identified granular unit was a set of one or more virtualmachines, another identified granular unit may have more or less membersof a set of one or more virtual machines. With the next granular unitidentified 1310, credentials for the identified granular unit aregenerated 1304, such as in a manner described above. If, however, it isdetermined that there are no additional granular units, then thegenerated credentials are distributed 1312 to the computing resources ofthe granular unit or units for which credentials were generated. As anexample, if credentials were generated for each of a plurality ofvirtual machine instances, the generated credentials would bedistributed to each of the virtual machine instances. Similarly, ifcredentials were generated for a granular unit having multiple virtualmachine instances, the credentials generated for the granular unit maybe distributed to the virtual machines of the granular unit. In thislast example, each virtual machine instance in the granular unit mayreceive the same credentials (such as the same unique identifier), whilevirtual machines may receive other credentials.

As discussed, credentials distributed to virtual machine instances inaccordance with various embodiments described herein can be used invarious ways. FIG. 14 shows an illustrative example of one such process1400, which shows how credentials generated in accordance with thevarious embodiments may be used. In an embodiment, the process 1400includes receiving 1402 credentials in connection with a request toaccess a computing resource. A request to access a computing resourcemay be received, such as in the manner described above. For instance, aresource interface of a virtual resource service may receive a requestgenerated from another virtual resource service that operates virtualmachine instances on behalf of one or more customers and/or other users.As a concrete example, a resource service for virtual machine instancesmay send a request originating from one of the virtual machine instancesto a block storage or other storage resource. In an embodiment, therequest includes the credentials from a virtual machine instance thatmade the request, although the credentials may be provided separatelyfrom the request, such as before the request, or after a subsequentauthentication request for credentials from the receiver of the request.Generally, the credentials may be received in any suitable manner, andthe manner by which credentials are received may vary according tovarious protocols being used in accordance with the various embodiments.

When the credentials in connection with the request to access thecomputing resource are received 1402, in an embodiment, a determinationis made 1404 whether the requester has a privilege allowing therequested access. Determination may be made, for instance, by a policyenforcement component of a virtual resource service such as in themanner described above in connection with FIG. 8. The policy enforcementcomponent may utilize an authentication service to authenticate thecredentials and, if successfully authenticated, establish a connectionwith the virtual machine instance that provided the credentials, atleast for a period of time. In some embodiments, however, the receiverof the credentials may authenticate a virtual machine supplying thecredentials itself instead of using a separate authentication service.Generally, any process for determining whether the credentials receivedare valid may be used.

If it is determined that the requester has a privilege allowing therequested access, the requested access may be provided 1406. Providingthe requested access may be performed in any suitable manner. In anembodiment, providing the requested access includes establishing an SSHor other connection with a computing device of a resource, such as aserver operating in connection with a virtual computing resource. Asanother example, the virtual machine instance requesting the access maybe provided read, write, and/or other access to a data store of a datastorage service. As another example, a virtual machine instance runningone or more applications (such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)) maybe provided access to an update service for the one or moreapplications, such as an RHEL update repository. In this manner, thevirtual machine instance can use its credentials to update applicationsrunning on the virtual machine instance. It should be noted that,credentials may be used in different ways in different circumstances.For instance, credentials at some times may be used to establish aconnection with another computing device while at other timescredentials may be used to simply cause performance of one or moreoperations at another computing resource.

If it is determined that the requester does not have a privilegeallowing the requested access, then the requested access is denied 1408.As illustrated in FIG. 14, although not necessary, one or more otheractions may be completed in addition to denying the requested access.For instance, as illustrated, one or more users are notified 1410 of asecurity violation. Users may receive, for example, an electronicmessage specifying that a security violation has occurred, and includingdetails of the security violation. In addition, as an example, remedialaction may be taken 1412 in accordance with an embodiment. As anexample, if the request to access a computing resource included a set ofcredentials and those credentials were used to make the determinationthat the requestor did not have a privilege allowing the requestedaccess, the credentials may be permanently or temporarily invalidated sothat the credentials are not used in attempts to access other computingresources. Generally, any remedial action may be taken. Further, as withother processes described herein, the process 1400 is shown in asimplified manner and variations are contemplated as being within thescope of the present disclosure. For instance, any remedial action takenmay be based at least in part on additional information, such as anumber of failed authentication attempts, the type of access requested,information encoded in the request, such as an IP address or otherinformation, and the like.

In some instances, it may be desirable to manage the validity ofcredentials in order to increase security. For instance, in anembodiment, if credentials belong to a single virtual machine instance,and the virtual machine instance currently is not provisioned, butstored in a data store for potential future use, the virtual machine maybe unable to use the credentials. Thus, it may be desirable to preventthe credentials from being used when no virtual machine is able to usethe credentials to authenticate itself, either because of a state of oneor more virtual machines having the credentials and/or because of one ormore policies. Accordingly, FIG. 15 shows an illustrative example of aprocess 1500 for managing credentials, in accordance with an embodiment.In this illustrative example, the process 1500 includes distributingcredentials to one or more virtual machine instances 1502. Distributionof the credentials may be performed in any suitable manner such as thosedescribed above.

In an embodiment, provisioning of virtual machine instances is detected1504. Detection of provisioning of the computing resources may beperformed in any suitable manner. In an embodiment, provisioning avirtual machine instance is accomplished according to a workflow thatincludes sending a message that the virtual machine instance has beensuccessfully provisioned. Accordingly, detecting the provisioning ofvirtual machine instances may be performed by receiving one or more suchmessages. It should be noted that, while detecting provisioning ofvirtual machine instances is used to illustrate an embodiment of thepresent disclosure, other actions may be taken in place of detection ofprovisioning the virtual machine instances, such as receiving a requestto provision the virtual machine instances, or, generally, receiving anysignal indicative of a part of a provisioning process.

In an embodiment, when the provisioning of the virtual machine instancesis detected 1504 (or, generally, when an event in connection with theprovisioning of the virtual machine instances is detected), thecredentials are activated for the virtual machine instances. Activatingthe credentials may be performed, for instance, by updating acredentials mapping of credentials to virtual machine instances toreflect the credentials being active. Such may be accomplished by addingthe credentials into the mapping, by tagging the credentials in amapping as active, or, generally, in any suitable manner. As a concreteexample, a database table or other mechanism of an authenticationservice that associates credentials with virtual machine instances maybe updated to reflect whether the credentials are currently active byadding an appropriate number of rows into the table or setting a valuefor the credentials to indicate that the credentials are active. Ifcredentials are active, then virtual machine instances having thecredentials may use the credentials for authentication. If thecredentials are inactive, then any device attempting to use thecredentials for authentication should be unable to authenticate.Generally activating the credentials for the provision of computingresources can be done in any manner that allows the provisionedcomputing resources to utilize the credentials for authentication withone or more other virtual resource services. For instance, if a virtualmachine wants to access a data store of a storage service, the virtualmachine may use the credentials to authenticate itself with the storageservice because the credentials are active. The credentials may remainactive as long as the computing resources remain provisioned.

In an embodiment, deprovisioning of one or more of the provisionedvirtual machine instances is detected 1508. While deprovisioning is usedfor the purpose of illustration, any suitable action may be detected,including, but not limited to, actions related to, but not necessarilyequivalent to the deprovisioning of provisioned virtual machineinstances. An example includes receiving a command to deprovision one ormore of the provisioned virtual machine instances. Returning to theillustrated example, detection of deprovisioning of the one or moreprovisioned virtual machine instances may be made when hardware for avirtual machine instance is deallocated from the virtual machineinstance and a memory state of the virtual machine instance is storedfor future use.

In an embodiment, upon detection of the deprovisioning of one or more ofthe deprovisioned virtual machine instances, the credentials for thedeprovisioned virtual machine instances are deactivated 1510 in order toensure that credentials cannot be used by any other computing resources.In this manner, if a security breach occurs with respect to adeprovisioned virtual machine, the credentials cannot be used to gainunauthorized access to one or more computing resources. For example, ifall of the virtual machine instances sharing the same credentials aredeprovisioned, then the credentials would not be active for any virtualmachine and, therefore, cannot be used for unauthorized authentication.Similarly, in embodiments where virtual machines authenticate themselvesusing the credentials and information about themselves (such as an IPaddress) for authentication, authentication using the credentials may beimpossible or, at least, more difficult. In one embodiment, if less thanall of the provisioned virtual machine instances sharing the samecredentials are deprovisioned, the credentials may be deactivated onlyfor the deprovisioned virtual machine instances, while the remainingprovisioned virtual machine instances may continue to use thecredentials.

In some instances, it may be desirable to take different actions withrespect to credentials when different events occur. For instance, insome instances it may be desirable to invalidate credentials upondetection of a security breach while in other instances it may bedesirable to keep credentials valid while taking other remedial action.Accordingly, FIG. 16 illustrates an illustrative example of a process1600 for managing credentials in accordance with an embodiment. In anembodiment, a security breach of a virtual machine instance is detected1602. A detection of a security breach may be done in any suitablemanner or combination thereof. For instance, detection of the securitybreach may be made upon a determination that credentials used in arequest to access a computing resource were unsuccessfully used. Asanother example, the security breach may be detected based at least inpart on access to a virtual machine instance by an unauthorized user.Other ways of detecting the security breach may be used as well,including, but not limited to, manual detection, detection of abnormaloperation and/or other automatic methods, and/or generally any suitablemethod.

In an embodiment, a determination is made 1604 which action to take upondetection of the security breach. The determination may be based, atleast in part, on one or more parameters such as a type of breach thatis detected. While, for the purpose of illustration, three differentactions are shown, there may be greater than or fewer than threeactions, and the actions may be different than those illustrated. In anembodiment, upon detection of the security breach, one of severalactions are selected. The selection may be made from actions such asinvalidating the credentials used when the security breach was detected,modifying an access policy associated with a virtual machine instanceinvolved with the security breach, or rotating credentials involved withthe security breach. If the determination is made 1604 to invalidate thecredentials, then the credentials are invalidated 1606. For instance,credentials may be deleted from a mapping that associates credentialswith virtual machine instances, may be marked as inactive, or otherwiseinvalidated. In an embodiment, if the determination is to modify anaccess policy, then the policy is modified 1608 in order to revokeprivileges from the instance involved in the security breach. Using theillustrated policies described above as an example, a condition(s)component of a policy may be modified to revoke one or more privilegesfrom one or more virtual machine instances. An action(s) component orother applicable component of a policy may also be updated. Generally,the policy may be updated in any suitable manner.

If the determination is to rotate the credentials, then new credentialsare generated 1610 in accordance with an embodiment, although, asdiscussed, credentials may have been pregenerated and stored for usewhen needed. In an embodiment, when new credentials are generated, adetermination is made 1612 whether to distribute the new generatedcredentials to the compromised instance. The determination may be madebased at least in part on the type of security breach that was detected.For instance, if it would present an undue risk to provide newcredentials to a compromised virtual machine instance, the determinationmay be not to distribute the new generated credentials to thecompromised instance. An example of such an undue risk includes aninstance that was compromised in such a way that one or moreunauthorized applications have been loaded on the compromised instance.If it would not create an undue risk to provide new credentials to thecompromised virtual machine instance, then the determination may be toprovide new generated credentials to the compromised virtual machineinstance. If it is determined to distribute the new credentials to thecompromised instance, then the generated credentials are distributed1604 to all instances in a granular unit of the compromised instance.For instance, the new credentials may be provided to all virtualcomputing instances that shared the credentials involved in the detectedsecurity breach.

If, however, a determination is not to distribute the new credentials tothe compromised instance, then the credentials are distributed 1606 toall instances in a granular unit of the compromised instance except forthe compromised instance. For example, the new credentials may beprovided to all virtual machine instances sharing the credentialsinvolved in the detected security breach, except for the compromisedvirtual machine instance. If the granular unit only contains thecompromised instance, then the generated credentials may not bedistributed at all and, in some embodiments, may not have beengenerated.

While not illustrated in the figure, the generation and distribution ofnew credentials may also include invalidation of previous credentials,as described above. In addition, as mentioned, other variations are alsocontemplated as being within the spirit of the present disclosure. Forinstance, actions different from those discussed above may be taken inresponse to detection of a security breach. In addition, combinations ofactions may be taken in response to detection of a security breach. Forinstance, credentials may be rotated, one or more policies may bemodified, and credentials involved in the security breach may beinvalidated all in response to the security breach being detected.

Other variations are also contemplated as being within the spirit of thepresent disclosure. For instance, for the purpose of illustration,various embodiments are discussed in connection with virtual machineinstances. However, various other embodiments may involve other virtualcomputing resources. For instance, any virtual computing resource thatuses credentials to access another virtual computing resource mayutilize various embodiments described herein, and variations thereof.Generally, techniques described and suggested herein are not limited tovirtual computing instances. In addition, various techniques describedand suggested herein may be used in connection with virtual computingresources in addition to virtual machine instances.

Generally, the various embodiments described herein may be implementedin a wide variety of operating environments, which in some cases mayinclude one or more user computers, computing devices, or processingdevices which may be utilized to operate any of a number ofapplications. User or client devices may include any of a number ofgeneral purpose personal computers, such as desktop or laptop computersrunning a standard operating system, as well as cellular, wireless, andhandheld devices running mobile software and capable of supporting anumber of networking and messaging protocols. Such a system also mayinclude a number of workstations running any of a variety ofcommercially-available operating systems and other known applicationsfor purposes such as development and database management. These devicesalso may include other electronic devices, such as dummy terminals,thin-clients, gaming systems, and other devices capable of communicatingvia a network.

Most embodiments utilize at least one network that would be familiar tothose skilled in the art for supporting communications using any of avariety of commercially-available protocols, such as TCP/IP, OSI, FTP,UPnP, NFS, CIFS, and AppleTalk. Such a network may include, for example,a local area network, a wide-area network, a virtual private network,the Internet, an intranet, an extranet, a public switched telephonenetwork, an infrared network, a wireless network, and any combinationthereof. The network may, furthermore, incorporate any suitable networktopology. Examples of suitable network topologies include, but are notlimited to, simple point-to-point, star topology, self-organizingpeer-to-peer topologies, and combinations thereof.

In embodiments utilizing a Web server, the Web server may run any of avariety of server or mid-tier applications, including HTTP servers, FTPservers, CGI servers, data servers, Java servers, and businessapplication servers. The server(s) also may be capable of executingprograms or scripts in response to requests from user devices, such asby executing one or more Web applications that may be implemented as oneor more scripts or programs written in any programming language, such asJava®, C, C#, or C++, or any scripting language, such as Perl, Python,or TCL, as well as combinations thereof. The server(s) may also includedatabase servers, including without limitation those commerciallyavailable from Oracle®, Microsoft®, Sybase®, and IBM®.

The environment may include a variety of data stores and other memoryand storage media as discussed above. These may reside in a variety oflocations, such as on a storage medium local to (and/or resident in) oneor more of the computers or remote from any or all of the computersacross the network. In a particular set of embodiments, the informationmay reside in a storage-area network (“SAN”) familiar to those skilledin the art. Similarly, any necessary files for performing the functionsattributed to the computers, servers, or other network devices may bestored locally and/or remotely, as appropriate. Where a system includescomputerized devices, each such device may include hardware elementsthat may be electrically coupled via a bus, the elements including, forexample, at least one central processing unit (CPU), at least one inputdevice (e.g., a mouse, keyboard, controller, touch screen, or keypad),and at least one output device (e.g., a display device, printer, orspeaker). Such a system may also include one or more storage devices,such as disk drives, optical storage devices, and solid-state storagedevices such as random access memory (“RAM”) or read-only memory(“ROM”), as well as removable media devices, memory cards, flash cards,etc.

Such devices also may include a computer-readable storage media reader,a communications device (e.g., a modem, a network card (wireless orwired), an infrared communication device, etc.), and working memory asdescribed above. The computer-readable storage media reader may beconnected with, or configured to receive, a computer-readable storagemedium, representing remote, local, fixed, and/or removable storagedevices as well as storage media for temporarily and/or more permanentlycontaining, storing, transmitting, and retrieving computer-readableinformation. The system and various devices also typically will includea number of software applications, modules including program modules,services, or other elements located within at least one working memorydevice, including an operating system and application programs, such asa client application or Web browser. It should be appreciated thatalternate embodiments may have numerous variations from that describedabove. For example, customized hardware might also be utilized and/orparticular elements might be implemented in hardware, software(including portable software, such as applets), or both. Further,connection to other computing devices such as network input/outputdevices may be employed.

Storage media and computer readable media for containing code orportions of code, may include any appropriate media known or used in theart, including storage media and communication media, such as but notlimited to volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable mediaimplemented in any method or technology for storage and/or transmissionof information such as computer readable instructions, data structures,program modules, or other data, including RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flashmemory, or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disk(DVD), or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape,magnetic disk storage, or other magnetic storage devices, or any othermedium which may be utilized to store the desired information and whichmay be accessed by the a system device. Program modules, programcomponents, and/or programmatic objects may include computer-readableand/or computer-executable instructions of and/or corresponding to anysuitable computer programming language. In at least one embodiment, eachcomputer-readable medium may be tangible. In at least one embodiment,each computer-readable medium may be non-transitory in time. Based onthe disclosure and teachings provided herein, a person of ordinary skillin the art will appreciate other ways and/or methods to implement thevarious embodiments.

The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in anillustrative rather than a restrictive sense. It will, however, beevident that various modifications and changes may be made thereuntowithout departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention asset forth in the claims.

The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in thecontext of describing embodiments (especially in the context of thefollowing claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and theplural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted bycontext. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing”are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, butnot limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. The term “connected” is to beconstrued as partly or wholly contained within, attached to, or joinedtogether, even if there is something intervening. Recitation of rangesof values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method ofreferring individually to each separate value falling within the range,unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value isincorporated into the specification as if it were individually recitedherein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitableorder unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearlycontradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplarylanguage (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to betterilluminate embodiments and does not pose a limitation on the scopeunless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should beconstrued as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to thepractice of at least one embodiment.

Preferred embodiments are described herein, including the best modeknown to the inventors. Variations of those preferred embodiments maybecome apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading theforegoing description. The inventors expect skilled artisans to employsuch variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for embodimentsto be constructed otherwise than as specifically described herein.Accordingly, suitable embodiments include all modifications andequivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended heretoas permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of theabove-described elements in all possible variations thereof iscontemplated as being incorporated into some suitable embodiment unlessotherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

All references, including publications, patent applications, andpatents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the sameextent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicatedto be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entiretyherein.

1. A computer-implemented method, comprising: under the control of oneor more computer systems that execute instructions that cause the methodto be performed by one or more processors, distributing credentials to aplurality of virtual machine instances; updating a credentials map thatmaps the credentials to the plurality of virtual machine instances;activating the credentials for the plurality of virtual machineinstances, thereby enabling the plurality of virtual machine instancesto use the credentials for authenticating with a computer system thatmanages a resource service, the computer system separate from the one ormore computer systems; determining that a virtual machine instance ofthe plurality of virtual machine instances has been deprovisioned; anddeactivating one or more of the credentials in the credential map thatare mapped to the virtual machine instance.
 2. The computer-implementedmethod of claim 1, wherein determining the deprovisioning occurs as aresult of determining one or more of: that hardware allocated to thevirtual machine instance has been deallocated from the virtual machineinstance, or that a memory state of the virtual machine instance hasbeen stored to persistent storage.
 3. The computer-implemented method ofclaim 1, wherein: the virtual machine instance is a first virtualmachine instance; the one or more of the credentials mapped to the firstvirtual machine instance are also mapped to a second virtual machineinstance; and after the one or more of the credentials have beendeactivated for the first virtual machine instance, the one or more ofthe credentials remain activated for the second virtual machineinstance.
 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, furthercomprising receiving a command to distribute the credentials to at leasttwo of the plurality of virtual machine instances.
 5. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 4, wherein the command includesgranularity information usable to determine: a quantity of credentialsto generate for the plurality of virtual machine instances; andidentities of the plurality of virtual machine instances.
 6. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein updating the credentialsmap includes updating a table of an authentication service thatassociates credentials with virtual machine instances to indicate thatthe credentials are currently active for the plurality of virtualmachine instances.
 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 6,wherein updating the table involves: adding at least one row in thetable, or setting a field in the table for the credentials to a valuethat indicates that the credentials are active.
 8. A system, comprising:one or more processors; and memory including instructions that, as aresult of execution by the one or more processors, cause the system to:distribute credentials to a plurality of virtual computing resources;update a credentials map that maps the credentials to the plurality ofvirtual computing resources; activate the credentials for the pluralityof virtual computing resources to enable the plurality of virtualcomputing resources to use the credentials to authenticate to anothervirtual resource service; determine that a virtual computing resource ofthe plurality of virtual computing resources has been deprovisioned; anddeactivate one or more of the credentials that are mapped to the virtualcomputing resource in the credential map.
 9. The system of claim 8,wherein: the other virtual resource service is a storage service; andactivation of the credentials enables the virtual computing resource toaccess a data store of the storage service.
 10. The system of claim 8,wherein instructions include instructions that cause the system to,prior to distributing credentials to the plurality of virtual computingresources, determine, depending at least in part on receipt of a messagethat indicates that the virtual computing resource has been successfullyprovisioned, that the plurality of virtual computing resources has beenprovisioned.
 11. The system of claim 8, wherein the instructions thatcause the system to update the credentials map include instructions thatcause the system to: add the credentials into the credentials map, ortag the credentials in the credentials map to indicate that thecredentials are active.
 12. The system of claim 8, wherein theinstructions further include instructions that cause the system to:obtain a policy conditioned on ownership of particular credentials; andcause a second virtual computing resource to receive access to aresource of the other virtual resource service by providing proof of theownership of the particular credentials to the other virtual resourceservice.
 13. The system of claim 8, wherein the instructions furtherinclude instructions that cause the system to: generate new credentialsto replace the one or more credentials that are mapped to the virtualcomputing resource; reprovision, from a stored state of the virtualcomputing resource, a reprovisioned virtual computing resource; andactivate the new credentials for the reprovisioned computing resource.14. The system of claim 8, wherein individual virtual computingresources of the plurality of virtual computing resources receivedifferent credentials from other individual virtual computing resources.15. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having storedthereon executable instructions that, as a result of being executed byone or more processors of a first computer system, cause the firstcomputer system to at least: distribute credentials to a plurality ofvirtual computing resources; update a credentials map that maps thecredentials to the plurality of virtual computing resources; activatethe credentials for the plurality of virtual computing resources toenable the plurality of virtual computing resources to use thecredentials to authenticate to a second computer system that manages aresource service; determine that a virtual computing resource of theplurality of virtual computing resources has been deprovisioned; anddeactivate one or more of the credentials that are mapped to the virtualcomputing resource.
 16. The non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium of claim 15, wherein: the executable instructions further causethe computer system to receive granularity information; and theexecutable instructions that cause the first computer system todistribute the credentials include instruction that cause the firstcomputer system to identify the plurality of virtual computing resourcesto which the credentials are to be distributed based at least in part onthe granularity information.
 17. The non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium of claim 15, wherein the credentials encode a securitypolicy that requires use of the credentials to be limited to theplurality of virtual computing resources.
 18. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the virtualcomputing resources include virtual machine instances.
 19. Thenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein thevirtual computing resource is deprovisioned as a result of adetermination of a security breach in connection with the virtualcomputing resource.
 20. The non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium of claim 15, wherein the executable instructions that cause thecomputer system to distribute the credentials include executableinstructions that cause the computer system to provide the credentialsfrom a web server having a predetermined network location.